Lesson 137 min read

Exception Handling

Expect the unexpected — catch errors before they crash your app

Why Things Go Wrong

Programs crash. Files go missing. Users type "banana" when you asked for a number. The internet cuts out mid-download. A good developer doesn't just write code that works — they write code that fails gracefully.

In C#, when something goes wrong, the system throws an exception — it then walks up the call stack looking for a handler, like pulling the fire alarm. If nobody handles the alarm (catches the exception), the entire building evacuates (your program crashes). But if you set up a handler, you can deal with the problem calmly.

The three keywords:

try — "Here's some code that might fail."
catch — "If it does fail, here's what to do instead."
finally — "No matter what happened, always do this at the end."

Basic try/catch/finally

// Basic try/catch
try
{
    Console.Write("Enter a number: ");
    string input = "not a number"; // simulating bad input
    int number = int.Parse(input); // this will throw!
    Console.WriteLine($"You entered: {number}");
}
catch (FormatException ex)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"That's not a number! Error: {ex.Message}");
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
    Console.WriteLine("That number is too big or too small!");
}
catch (Exception ex)  // catches anything else
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Something went wrong: {ex.Message}");
}
finally
{
    Console.WriteLine("This always runs — cleanup goes here.");
}

// Catching with 'when' filter
try
{
    int[] arr = { 1, 2, 3 };
    Console.WriteLine(arr[10]); // out of bounds!
}
catch (IndexOutOfRangeException ex) when (ex.Message.Contains("index"))
{
    Console.WriteLine("Tried to access an invalid index!");
}

Output

Enter a number: That's not a number! Error: The input string 'not a number' was not in a correct format.
This always runs — cleanup goes here.
Tried to access an invalid index!

Common Exception Types

C# has many built-in exception types. Here are the ones you'll see most:

NullReferenceException — you tried to use something that's null (the #1 bug in C#!)
ArgumentException / ArgumentNullException — bad input passed to a method
InvalidOperationException — the object isn't in the right state for this operation
IndexOutOfRangeException — array/list index too big or negative
FormatException — string couldn't be parsed to a number
FileNotFoundException — the file doesn't exist
DivideByZeroException — math with zero denominator
KeyNotFoundException — dictionary key doesn't exist

All exceptions inherit from System.Exception. When you catch Exception, you catch everything — but it's better to catch specific types so you know exactly what went wrong.

Throwing Exceptions & Custom Exceptions

// Throwing exceptions — validate your inputs!
static void SetAge(int age)
{
    if (age < 0)
        throw new ArgumentException("Age cannot be negative!", nameof(age));
    if (age > 150)
        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(age), "Nobody lives that long!");

    Console.WriteLine($"Age set to {age}");
}

// Custom exception class
class InsufficientFundsException : Exception
{
    public decimal Amount { get; }
    public decimal Balance { get; }

    public InsufficientFundsException(decimal amount, decimal balance)
        : base($"Cannot withdraw {amount:C} — only {balance:C} available.")
    {
        Amount = amount;
        Balance = balance;
    }
}

static void Withdraw(decimal balance, decimal amount)
{
    if (amount > balance)
        throw new InsufficientFundsException(amount, balance);
    Console.WriteLine($"Withdrew {amount:C}. Remaining: {balance - amount:C}");
}

// Using them
try { SetAge(25); } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); }
try { SetAge(-5); } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine(ex.Message); }

try
{
    Withdraw(100m, 250m);
}
catch (InsufficientFundsException ex)
{
    Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
    Console.WriteLine($"  Tried: {ex.Amount:C}, Had: {ex.Balance:C}");
}

Output

Age set to 25
Age cannot be negative! (Parameter 'age')
Cannot withdraw $250.00 — only $100.00 available.
  Tried: $250.00, Had: $100.00

Real-World Pattern: TryParse vs Parse

// Instead of try/catch for parsing, use TryParse!
string[] inputs = { "42", "hello", "3.14", "99" };

foreach (string input in inputs)
{
    // TryParse — no exceptions, just true/false
    if (int.TryParse(input, out int result))
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"  '{input}' → {result} (valid!)");
    }
    else
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"  '{input}' → not a valid integer");
    }
}

// Guard clauses — throw early, avoid deep nesting
static string ProcessOrder(string? customerId, int quantity)
{
    // Validate first, fail fast
    if (customerId is null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(customerId));
    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(customerId))
        throw new ArgumentException("Customer ID can't be empty", nameof(customerId));
    if (quantity <= 0)
        throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(quantity), "Must order at least 1");

    // Happy path — no deep nesting!
    return $"Order placed: {quantity} items for customer {customerId}";
}

try
{
    Console.WriteLine(ProcessOrder("C-123", 5));
    Console.WriteLine(ProcessOrder(null, 3));
}
catch (ArgumentNullException ex)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Missing: {ex.ParamName}");
}

Output

  '42' → 42 (valid!)
  'hello' → not a valid integer
  '3.14' → not a valid integer
  '99' → 99 (valid!)
Order placed: 5 items for customer C-123
Missing: customerId

Note: 🎯 Don't use exceptions for flow control! Exceptions are for truly exceptional situations — not for things you can predict. If a user might type a bad number, use TryParse (returns bool) instead of Parse + try/catch. Exceptions are slow; bool checks are fast.

Quick check

When does the 'finally' block run?

StackData Structure

LIFO — array & linked-list backed

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Exception HandlingJava

try/catch, checked vs unchecked, and throws

→

Error HandlingPython

Catch mistakes before they crash your program

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